10 key global health moments from 2021

Innovation and inequities in the COVID-19 response

Inequities in access to health tools came into even sharper focus this year.

Over 8 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide but by the end of November, only 1 in 4 African health workers were fully vaccinated. A mere 0.4% of tests globally have been carried out in low-income countries.

Driving efforts to end the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO has led the charge for equity. We have set global vaccination targets and emphasized that the priority in every country, and globally, should be protecting those most at-risk, such as health workers and older people. As of 20 December 2021, we have validated 10 COVID-19 vaccines as safe, effective and high-quality and continually updated our therapeutics guidelines, reflecting the very latest clinical insights.

Collaboration is key to WHO’s COVID-19 response. The world’s best scientific brains came together to ask and answer the critical research questions needed to tackle COVID-19 under WHO’s Research and Development Blueprint. The ACT-Accelerator halved the cost of COVID-19 rapid tests for low and lower-middle income countries and procured over 148 million tests. Its vaccines arm, COVAX, delivered over three quarters of a billion doses globally, despite substantial challenges, such as vaccine hoarding and insufficient transparency from manufacturers. Throughout this uncertain year, we partnered closely with countries on preparing for rollouts.

WHO also launched an mRNA technology transfer hub initiative and is supporting a South African manufacturer in bringing the knowhow, data and technology together to develop production capacity to serve the region. 

Providing a great example of a transparent, global, non-exclusive agreement, the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool announced its first licence, which will allow all countries to manufacture a serological test developed by the Spanish National Research Council.

As our COVID-19 response continues apace, so do our preparedness efforts for future outbreaks. With Germany, we opened a Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence in Berlin. With Switzerland, we launched the first facility in our global BioHub system for rapidly and safely sharing pathogens, which will help assess risks and enhance global preparedness.

Globally, there have been over 100 Intra-Action Reviews by countries, who have used this tool to evaluate their COVID-19 responses and strengthen then in real time. In parallel, the pilot rollout of Universal Health and Preparedness Reviews has successfully recruited countries to learn from each other in assessing their readiness for the next pandemic while providing for and promoting the overall health of their populations.

Emergencies emerge and persist

As the pandemic raged on, WHO and partners continued helping communities caught up in protracted humanitarian crises, such as those in Yemen and Syria, while responding to emerging ones in Afghanistan and Northern Ethiopia.

In Yemen, COVID-19 has further strained a health system already beset by conflict and other disease outbreaks, where only half of the country’s healthcare facilities are reported as functional. WHO has helped millions by supporting essential health services and therapeutic feeding centres to treat children with acute malnutrition. In response to the pandemic, WHO worked on the construction of oxygen production stations, capacity-building for health care workers, provision of medical and protective equipment and bolstering laboratory and testing capacity.

After more than a decade of crisis, needs in Syria are greater than ever. WHO stepped up with deliveries of medical supplies and by working with partners to provide mental health support.

Currently the world’s largest humanitarian emergency, Afghanistan is contending not only with COVID-19 but also acute watery diarrhoea, dengue, measles, polio and malaria. WHO has shipped over 414 metric tonnes of life-saving medical supplies since 15 August 2021, and, with partners, vaccinated 8.5 million children against polio through a November campaign.

Severe hardships — including a lack of fuel, food and medicine — also afflicted people in Northern Ethiopia. WHO provided over 367 metric tonnes of humanitarian cargo to Ethiopia to date, to provide relief to hundreds of thousands of families. Together with partners, we also launched a campaign to vaccinate 2 million people against cholera in Tigray region. We also supported mobile health and nutrition teams to deliver services to internally displaced people in conflict-affected Afar, Amhara and Tigray regions.

Malaria vaccine a beacon of hope in the fight against a range of infectious diseases

Just as health workers have been guiding lights in these difficult times, so has the transformative potential of science. WHO’s recommendation of the widespread use of a malaria vaccine for children at risk, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, marked a milestone moment for child health and malaria control. 

The recommendation was based on results from an ongoing pilot programme of the RTS,S vaccine in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi that has reached more than 800 000 children since 2019.

The vaccine has reinvigorated the fight against malaria, which claimed the lives of over 600 000 people in Africa in 2020. Children under the age of 5 represented 80% of these deaths. Even before the pandemic struck, there were signs that after years of phenomenal gains, progress was stalling.

Other major achievements relating to immunization include the introduction of a licensed Ebola vaccine and launch of a landmark new global plan to tackle meningitis.       

Meanwhile, we released new evidence that more countries are following WHO’s advice on the steps to take when HIV drug resistance reaches critical thresholds. This is an important step forward in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance, about which WHO continues to raise the alarm, calling for action on innovation and within the food system.  

New boost to the fight against diabetes

With 2021 marking the 100^th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, WHO launched a Global Diabetes Compact to speed up action on the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Bringing together people living with diabetes, academia, civil society, the business community and more, the Compact aims to reduce the risk of diabetes and ensure that all people diagnosed with the condition have access to affordable, good quality care.

A new report published in November highlighted that insulin, a life-saving diabetes medicine, remains out of reach for a high proportion of the people who need it. WHO is working on a number of fronts to increase access to insulin and related products, with the priority to ensure uninterrupted production and supply of human insulin. The inclusion of insulin analogues on WHO’s Essential List of Medicines opens the door to their prequalification, which could increase competition and potentially reduce prices.

Our work on diabetes is just one part of our comprehensive efforts on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health. This is no small undertaking, given that NCDs claim the lives of 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally; depression alone constitutes a leading cause of disability worldwide.

Tobacco use fell

As to fateful choices for health and preventing NCDs, impressive numbers of people are deciding to stop smoking. Between 2000 and 2020, the number of people using tobacco dropped by 69 million — from around one third of the global population to under a quarter. 

Two years ago, only 32 countries were on track to lower tobacco use by 30% between 2010 and 2025. Now, 60 countries are on course to achieve the target reduction.

Progress is fragile however, with the tobacco industry having exploited the COVID-19 pandemic to build influence with governments in many countries. The Conference of the Parties (COP9) to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) endorsed a declaration on recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and also established a funding mechanism to strengthen global tobacco control measures. 

Tobacco users who would like to quit can draw on resources shared via WHO's Commit to Quit campaign, including the 'Quitters’ Diaries', charting personal journeys in stepping away from tobacco.

WHO signals alarm about dementia challenge

Individuals can do a lot themselves to stay healthy but they can’t do it all on their own. WHO released its first report on the global status of the public health response to dementia, showing that only a quarter of countries worldwide have a national policy, strategy or plan for supporting people with dementia and their families. 

These gaps are increasingly concerning, as the number of people living with dementia is growing. WHO estimates that more than 55 million people (8.1% of women and 5.4% of men over 65 years) are living with dementia. As life expectancy increases worldwide, this number is estimated to rise to 78 million by 2030 and to 139 million by 2050.

To drive change, the report highlights the urgent need to strengthen support at national level, for both people with dementia and those who care for them. Many countries lack earmarked funding in national health budgets, leaving significant gaps in treatment and care, and do not comprehensively involve people with dementia and their carers and families in developing policies. These are among the areas for change.  

WHO is also developing a Dementia Research Blueprint, to structure research efforts and stimulate new initiatives, helping to overcome challenges related to past unsuccessful clinical trials for treatments and the high costs of research and development.