The Global Health Observatory

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SDG Target 3.9 Reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Healthier environments could prevent almost one quarter of the global burden of disease. The COVID-19 pandemic is a further reminder of the delicate relationship between people and our planet.

Clean air, stable climate, adequate water, sanitation and hygiene, safe use of chemicals, protection from radiation, healthy and safe workplaces, sound agricultural practices, health-supportive cities and built environments, and a preserved nature are all prerequisites for good health.



“Local and national governments need to introduce policies and make investments that support cleaner transport, energy-efficient housing, power generation, industry and better municipal waste management.”

“But we can also lead change at community and individual level. This can include commitments to cycle or take public transport to work, when safe routes are available; to recycle waste or compost; or conserve water and energy at home and in the office. Strategies such as “pedibus” initiatives can encourage children to walk to school safely, and the creation of urban gardens can provide both healthy foods and venues for social interaction and physical activity.”

Summary findings

Total environment
24 %
of all estimated global deaths are linked to the environment
Household air pollution
3.8 million
deaths every year as a result of exposure to indoor smoke from cooking fuels
Ambient air pollution
91%
of the world’s population live in places where air pollution levels exceed WHO guideline limits

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution

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GHO SDGAIRBOD MAP Ambient and household air pollution attributable death rate 

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Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services (per 100 000 population) by region

GHO SDGWSHBOD Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services (per 100 000 population) (SDG 3.9.2) REGIONAL DOT PLOT TEMPLATE

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